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Keywords: Anthropocene; Decision-making; Environmental planning; Futures research; Strategic foresight Abstract Foresight science is a systematic approach to generate future predictions for planning and management by drawing upon analytical and predictive tools to understand the past and present, while providing insights about the future. To illustrate the application of foresight science in conservation, we present three case studies: identification of emerging risks to conservation, conservation of at-risk species, and aid in the development of management strategies for multiple stressors. We highlight barriers to mainstreaming foresight science in conservation including knowledge accessibility/organization, communication across diverse stakeholders/decision makers, and organizational capacity. Finally, we investigate opportunities for mainstreaming foresight science including continued advocacy to showcase its application, incorporating emerging technologies (i.e., artificial intelligence) to increase capacity/decrease costs, and increasing education/training in foresight science via specialized courses and curricula for trainees and practicing professionals. We argue that failure to mainstream foresight science will hinder the ability to achieve future conservation objectives in the Anthropocene. Author Affiliation: (1) Biology Department, University of Ottawa, 75 Laurier Ave. E, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada (2) Biology Department, Carleton University, K1S 5B6, Ottawa, ON, Canada (3) Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, 169 Titanium Way, Y1A 0E9, Whitehorse, YK, Canada (4) School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 3800, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (5) Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, CB2 3QZ, Cambridge, UK (6) Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's (BioRISC), St Catharine's College, University of Cambridge, CB2 1RL, Cambridge, UK (7) Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, K1S 5B6, Ottawa, ON, Canada (a) gab.ednie@gmail.com Article History: Registration Date: 08/16/2022 Received Date: 03/16/2022 Accepted Date: 08/13/2022 Online Date: 10/26/2022 Byline:

Keywords: community-based marine management; marine protected area; coral reef conservation; Pacific; locally managed marine areas; periodically harvested closure; Por lo tanto; cuando se evalúen los impactos de la coadministración frente a los ODS; se deben considerar las metas finales; sino existe el riesgo de que haya un déficit entre las aspiraciones y el impacto; åºäºç¤¾åºçæµ·æ´ç®¡ç; æµ·æ´ä¿æ¤åº; ççç¤ä¿æ¤; 太平æ´; å½å°ç®¡ççæµ·æ´åºå; å®æææçæ¸åº Abstract Small-scale fisheries account for 90% of global fishers and 40% of the global catch. Effectively managing small-scale fisheries is, therefore, crucial to progressing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Co-management and community-based fisheries management are widely considered the most appropriate forms of governance for many small-scale fisheries. We outlined relationships between small-scale fisheries co-management and attainment of the SDGs, including evidence for impacts and gaps in dominant logic. We identified 11 targets across five SDGs to which small-scale fisheries co-management (including community-based fisheries management) can contribute; the theory of change by which these contributions could be achieved; and the strength of evidence for progress toward SDG targets related to various co-management strategies. Our theory of change links the 11 SDG targets by qualifying that progress toward some targets is contingent on others being achieved first. We then reviewed 58 case studies of co-management impacts from the Pacific Islands--a region rich in local marine governance--to evaluate evidence of where, to what degree, and with how much certainty different co-management strategies conferred positive impacts to each SDG target. These strategies included access restrictions, permanent area closures, periodic closures, and gear and species restrictions. Although many studies provide evidence linking multiple co-management strategies to improvements in resource status (SDG 14.4), there was limited evidence of follow-on effects, such as improvements in catch (SDG 2.3, 2.4), livelihoods (SDG 1.2), consumption (SDG 2.1), and nutrition (SDG 2.2). Our findings suggest that leaps of logic and assumptions are prevalent in co-management planning and evaluation. Hence, when evaluating co-management impacts against the SDGs, consideration of ultimate goals is required, otherwise, there is a risk of shortfalls between aspirations and impact. Article Note: Article impact statement: Small-scale fisheries co-management can help achieve UN Sustainable Development Goals, but evidence and impacts are undermined by frequent assumptions. CAPTION(S): Supplementary materials Byline: Patrick Smallhorn-West, Philippa J. Cohen, Michael Phillips, Stacy D. Jupiter, Hugh Govan, Robert L. Pressey

Keywords Game theory; Community operational research; Participatory modelling; Design framework; Learning Highlights * A design framework for participatory game theory interventions with stakeholders. * Decision-support needs of participating stakeholders are mapped to learning levels. * Structured learning about strategic problems through game theory-based interventions. * Framework specifies facilitator's role and design choices for each learning level. * Potential to extend framework for design of other participatory OR interventions. Abstract Game theory provides a valuable conceptual framework for developing strategic insight into complex, multi-actor situations and is well-suited for addressing real-world problems. Participatory game theory involves model construction and analysis with stakeholders guided by a facilitator with the aim of examining strategic interactions within real-world problems. Previous work in this field focused often on the analytical insights from game theory models whereas guidance on the design and implementation process of participatory game theory interventions remains under researched. This paper addresses this gap by providing a framework to assist in the design of game theory-based interventions. Here, stakeholders' decision-support needs are designed according to specific learning levels, as defined by Bloom's taxonomy and triple-loop learning, that the intervention will target. The framework further specifies the design choices for each learning level by comparing the design choices from two case studies of game theory-based interventions in Dutch railway and Bangladesh drinking water contexts. The former involved stakeholders using a game concept identification tool while the latter used game theory-based role-playing games with community and local government stakeholders. This paper describes the value of this framework for structured learning through game theory-based interventions. It includes the facilitator's role and design choices for each learning level related to the knowledge capabilities and activity focus to achieve that learning outcome. Future work will incorporate design inputs from additional learning theories, behavioural game theory and will explore the framework's potential for evaluating game theory-based interventions. Author Affiliation: (a) Radboud University Nijmegen, School of Management, Department of Methodology, Heyendaalseweg, 141, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands (b) Leiden University, Faculty Governance and Global Affairs, Institute of Public Administration, Turfmarkt, 99, 2511 DP the Hague, the Netherlands * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 23 June 2022; Accepted 25 January 2023 Byline: Femke Bekius [femke.bekius@ru.nl] (a,*), Sharlene L. Gomes [s.l.gomes@fgga.leidenuniv.nl] (b)

Keywords: amenazas; biodiversidad; cambio climático; cambio global; gestión y planificación estratégica; paisajes; sur de California; biodiversity; climate change; global change; landscapes; Southern California; strategic planning and management; threats; çç©å¤æ ·æ§; å¨è; æ°ååå; æ¯è§; æç¥è§åå管ç; å¨çåå; åå å· Abstract From a conservation perspective, quantifying potential refugial capacity has been predominantly focused on climate refugia, which is critical for maintaining the persistence of species and ecosystems. However, protection from other stressors, such as human-induced changes in fire and hydrology, that cause habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation is also necessary to ensure that conservation efforts focused on climate are not undermined by other threats. Thus, conceptual and methodological advances for quantifying potential refugia from multiple anthropogenic stressors are important to support conservation efforts. We devised a new conceptual approach, the domains of refugia, for assessing refugial capacity that identifies areas where exposure to multiple stressors is low. In our framework, patterns of environmental variability (e.g., increased frequency of warm summers), thresholds of resilience, and extent and intensity of stressors are used to identify areas of potential refugia from a suite of ongoing anthropogenic stressors (e.g., changes in fire regime). To demonstrate its utility, we applied the framework to a Southern California landscape. Sites with high refugial capacity (super-refugia sites) had on average 30% fewer extremely warm summers, 20% fewer fire events, 10% less exposure to altered river channels and riparian areas, and 50% fewer recreational trails than the surrounding landscape. Our results suggest that super-refugia sites (â¼8200 km.sup.2) for some natural communities are underrepresented in the existing protected area network, a finding that can inform efforts to expand protected areas. Our case study highlights how considering exposure to multiple stressors can inform planning and practice to conserve biodiversity in a changing world. Article Note: Article impact statement: Identifying refugia from multiple stressors can inform conservation plans that aim to protect biodiversity in a changing world. CAPTION(S): Appendix S1. Land use and land cover map of the case study area in southern California. Appendix S2. Data sources. Appendix S3. Description of methods. Appendix S4. Additional results. Appendix S5. Table 1 with references. Byline: Isabel M. Rojas, Megan K. Jennings, Erin Conlisk, Alexandra D. Syphard, Jack Mikesell, Alicia M. Kinoshita, Krista West, Doug Stow, Emanuel Storey, Mark E. De Guzman, Diane Foote, Alexandria Warneke, Amber Pairis, Sherry Ryan, Lorraine E. Flint, Alan L. Flint, Rebecca L. Lewison

Keywords: business models; categorization strategies; category priming; digital; market entry; non-market stakeholders Abstract The rise of the 'digital age' presents unique challenges for firms entering new markets and deciding 'where' to compete - a pivotal topic in corporate strategy. Particularly, it is not clear what the opportunities and implications are for digital new entrants as they position their disruptive business offerings in the category system, in particular vis-à-vis non-market stakeholders. In this article, we qualitatively investigate how two icons of the 'sharing economy', Uber and BlaBlaCar, pursued two distinct categorization strategies which were incumbent-focused and economic versus emergent-focused and non-economic. Our longitudinal comparative case study reveals how digital new entrants, through self-categorization, can enduringly impact the nature of the responses of non-market stakeholders. The mechanism at play is 'category priming' - the process of directing stakeholders' selective attention towards, or away from, the commonalities shared with a specific market category - and its stickiness over time. In particular, the distinct categorization strategies primed stakeholders to focus (Uber) or not focus (BlaBlaCar) on similarities between the entrant and an established category, which triggered polarized responses from media and regulators and resulted in a 'sticky' association regardless of repositioning efforts. Our contribution dissects the constituents and consequences of these strategies and discusses implications for future research on digital market entry, strategic categorization, and business models. CAPTION(S): Supplementary Material Byline: Paolo Aversa, Annelore Huyghe, Giulia Bonadio

Keywords: Blue water scarcity; Food security; Pressurized irrigation; Soil mulching; Water saving irrigation; Yield gap closure Abstract Sustainable development requires modifying the current consumption pattern of natural resources. This study investigates efficient tactics for reducing the unsustainability and inefficiency of human's food-related blue water consumption alongside improving national environmental and socioeconomic status. As a case study for Iran, 15 alternative management scenarios (AMS) were defined compared to the current on-farm management, and their effects were assessed on a monthly scale. Based on the results, 45.5 billion m.sup.3 y.sup.-1 (BCM) blue water is consumed within the croplands, 78% and 34% of which are unsustainable and inefficient, respectively. AMCs reduces the unsustainable and inefficient blue water consumption by 2--17 BCM and 2--13 BCM, respectively. The combination of yield gap closure, drip irrigation, soil mulching, and deficit irrigation has the largest effect on blue water saving it releases or changes the status of monthly blue water scarcity in 11 provinces increases field-employees by 132%, food security by 9%, international food-export by 87%, and gross domestic production by 54%. However, it doesn't fully address blue water overconsumption in the summer period hence, further measures are needed to reduce blue water scarcity to the sustainable level in these environmental hotspots. Author Affiliation: (1) Water Engineering Department, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran (2) Multidisciplinary Water Management, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, the Netherlands (a) f.karandish@utwente.nl Article History: Registration Date: 02/02/2021 Received Date: 06/24/2020 Accepted Date: 02/02/2021 Online Date: 03/23/2021 Byline:

Keywords: authenticity; conservation and management; creative reconstruction; dialectical authenticity; historic landscape; Slender West Lake; China Abstract This article explores stakeholders' understandings of authenticity in a selected historic landscape of China, and focuses on views about appropriate conservation and management strategies. The World Heritage listed site, Slender West Lake Scenic and Historic Interest Area, is examined as a case study. The study shows that various stakeholders think the originality of fabric, the representation of intangible values, and social engagement are three major indicators of the authenticity of this historic landscape. The finding leads us to suggest that, in China, authenticity is significantly influenced by specific social, political, and economic factors and by native Chinese philosophies and the cultural characteristic of naïve dialecticism, which partly explains contemporary conservation practices there. The case study also demonstrates that creative reconstruction has always been an important cultural practice in the history and geography of the Slender West Lake site. However, the superficial application of this cultural practice may create challenges for contemporary landscape conservation. The concept of dialectical authenticity therefore has implications for future conservation practices of historic landscapes. Byline: Chen Yang, Gillian Lawson, Jeannie Sim, Feng Han

Keywords Market formation; Technological transition; Value chain; Diffusion of innovations; Renewable energy; Diffusion innovation system Highlights * Existing diffusion of innovations approaches give insufficient attention to context. * Novel framework emphasising sociotechnical context dynamics * Innovation systems approach delimited to diffusion (end of value chain) * Processes related to institutions, infrastructure, supply, and demand * Two case studies: solar PV and wind power in Sweden Abstract Existing theories on the diffusion of innovations fail to sufficiently account for contextual factors such as institutions, infrastructure, and supply-side dynamics. This paper presents a novel framework to analyse technology diffusion from a sociotechnical systems perspective, intended as an analytical tool to identify and assess drivers and barriers to diffusion that could be addressed through policy or business strategy. This framework, referred to as the diffusion innovation system (DIS) approach, is positioned within the innovation systems literature. The framework is applied to two empirical cases of renewable energy technology diffusion in Sweden: solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind power. The cases illustrate how key factors related to institutions, infrastructure, adopters, and supply co-develop over time as the technologies diffuse, hence demonstrating the merits of the framework. As these changes are both a reaction to and a cause of diffusion, the sociotechnical diffusion system develops through positive feedback loops. Although the systems' development is largely conducive of diffusion, some remaining and potential barriers are identified. Author Affiliation: Department of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden Gothenburg Research Institute, School of Business, Economics and Law, Gothenburg University, 411 25 Göteborg, Sweden Article History: Received 31 March 2021; Revised 24 February 2022; Accepted 10 June 2022 Byline: Alvar Palm [alvar.palm@gmail.com]

Keywords: Indiana; Climate change impacts; Urban green infrastructure; Ecosystem services; Resilience; Urban forests Abstract Urban areas around the world are increasingly investing in networks of urban forests, gardens, and other forms of green infrastructure for their benefits, including enhanced livability, sustainability, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Proactive planning for climate change requires anticipating potential climate change impacts to green infrastructure and adjusting management strategies accordingly. We apply climate change projections for the Midwest US state of Indiana to assess the possible impacts of climate change on common forms of urban green infrastructure and identify management implications. Projected changes in Indiana's temperature and precipitation could pose numerous management challenges for urban green infrastructure, including water stress, pests, weeds, disease, invasive species, flooding, frost risk, and timing of maintenance. Meeting these challenges will involve managing for key characteristics of resilient systems (e.g., biodiversity, redundancy) as well as more specific strategies addressing particular climate changes (e.g., shifting species compositions, building soil water holding capacity). Climate change also presents opportunities to promote urban green infrastructure. Unlike human built infrastructure, green infrastructure is conducive to grassroots stewardship and governance, relieving climate change-related strains on municipal budgets. Resources for adapting urban green infrastructure to climate change are already being applied to the management of urban green infrastructure, and emerging research will enhance understanding of best management practices. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA (2) Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA (3) Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science, USDA Forest Service, St Paul, MN, USA (4) O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs (SPEA), Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA (5) Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA (6) Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA (7) Department of History, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA (8) Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terra Haute, IN, USA (a) hlreynol@indiana.edu Article History: Registration Date: 11/20/2019 Received Date: 03/16/2018 Accepted Date: 11/20/2019 Online Date: 12/13/2019 Byline:

Keywords: Forest management; Climate change; Deep uncertainties; Global sensitivity analysis; Signposts; Scenario discovery Abstract The decision on how to manage a forest under climate change is subject to deep and dynamic uncertainties. The classic approach to analyze this decision adopts a predefined strategy, tests its robustness to uncertainties, but neglects their dynamic nature (i.e., that decision-makers can learn and adjust the strategy). Accounting for learning through dynamic adaptive strategies (DAS) can drastically improve expected performance and robustness to deep uncertainties. The benefits of considering DAS hinge on identifying critical uncertainties and translating them to detectable signposts to signal when to change course. This study advances the DAS approach to forest management as a novel application domain by showcasing methods to identify potential signposts for adaptation on a case study of a classic European beech management strategy in South-West Germany. We analyze the strategy's robustness to uncertainties about model forcings and parameters. We then identify uncertainties that critically impact its economic and ecological performance by confronting a forest growth model with a large sample of time-varying scenarios. The case study results illustrate the potential of designing DAS for forest management and provide insights on key uncertainties and potential signposts. Specifically, economic uncertainties are the main driver of the strategy's robustness and impact the strategy's performance more critically than climate uncertainty. Besides economic metrics, the forest stand's past volume growth is a promising signpost metric. It mirrors the effect of both climatic and model parameter uncertainty. The regular forest inventory and planning cycle provides an ideal basis for adapting a strategy in response to these signposts. Author Affiliation: (1) Forestry Economics and Forest Management, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany (2) Department of Geosciences, Penn State University, 217 Earth & Engineering Sciences Building, 16802, University Park, PA, USA (3) Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Penn State University, 436 Deike Building, 16802, University Park, PA, USA (a) naomikradke@gmail.com Article History: Registration Date: 10/20/2020 Received Date: 02/05/2020 Accepted Date: 10/19/2020 Online Date: 11/09/2020 Byline:

Structured, systematic processes for decision-making can facilitate implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). In US fisheries management, existing fishery ecosystem plans (FEPs) are primarily descriptive documents--not action-oriented planning processes. 'Next-generation' FEPs extend existing FEPs by translating ecosystem principles into action through a structured process, including identifying and prioritizing objectives and evaluating trade-offs while assessing alternative management strategies for meeting objectives. We illustrate the potential for implementing a structured decisionmaking process for EBFM by reviewing fisheries management case studies through the lens of the next-generation FEP process, highlighting two perspectives. First, across case studies almost all steps occur, many occurring in multiple regions, indicating scientific and fisheries management capacity exists to conduct structured process components. Second, adjustments would be needed to transition to next-generation FEPs, as existing activity is rarely conducted within a fully structured, integrated process and examples of certain steps are scarce, but existing examples can guide future management. Implementing ongoing activity within next-generation FEPs would likely streamline fisheries management activity, saving time and resources while improving outcomes for stakeholders and ecosystems. Des processus decisionnels systematiques structures peuvent faciliter la mise en oeuvre de la gestion ecosystemique des peches (GEP). Dans la gestion des peches aux Etats-Unis, les plans ecosystemiques de gestion des peches (PEGP) sont principalement des documents descriptifs, et non des processus de planification axes sur les actions. Les PEGP de << prochaine generation>> elargissent les PEGP existants en traduisant des principes ecosystemiques en actions concretes par l'entremise d'un processus structure qui comprend la determination et la priorisation des objectifs et revaluation des compromis, parallelement a l'evaluation de differentes strategies de gestion visant l'atteinte des objectifs. Nous illustrons le potentiel d'application d'un processus decisionnel structure pour la GEP en examinant des etudes de cas de gestion des peches a travers la lorgnette du processus de PEGP de prochaine generation, faisant ressortir deux perspectives. D'abord, d'une etude de cas a l'autre, presque toutes les etapes ont lieu, dont bon nombre dans plusieurs regions, ce qui indique que les capacites scientifiques et de gestion des peches necessaires a la realisation des elements du processus structure existent bel et bien. Deuxiemement, des ajustements seraient necessaires pour passer aux PEGP de prochaine generation, les activites existantes etant rarement realisees dans le cadre d'un processus integre et entierement structure, et des exemples de certaines etapes etant rares; des exemples existants peuvent toutefois guider la gestion future. La mise en oeuvre d'activites permanentes dans le cadre de PEGP de prochaine generation rationaliserait vraisemblablement les activites de gestion, epargnant temps et ressources tout en ameliorant les resultais pour les parties prenantes et les ecosystemes. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) is a holistic approach to fisheries decision-making that is intended to improve fisheries management outcomes for people and the planet (Pikitch et al. 2004; Fogarty [...]

Keywords Technology convergence; Patent analysis; Graph convolution networks; Artificial intelligence; Distributed ledger technology Highlights * A new semantic method to monitor technology convergence using a graph convolutional network (GCN)-based graph autoencoder (GCN-based GAE) is proposed. * The proposed method outperforms existing studies using information regarding cross-citations and co-occurrence of international patent classification classes. * Potential indicator development based on the proposed method is discussed. Abstract The potential for new values and products created by technology convergence to disruptively transform existing industries and markets is high. In this regard, it has been crucial for companies to understand and identify potential convergence patterns as early as possible to make timely strategic plans. This study proposes a new semantic method by showing how a graph convolutional network model can be used to monitor technology convergence. In particular, the model is trained to generate patents and technology keyword vectors from which new indicators are derived. We validate these new indicators and show that the proposed method outperforms existing studies using information regarding cross-citations and co-occurrence of international patent classification classes. Furthermore, we presented the usefulness of the proposed method to monitor technology convergence using a case study of the convergence between artificial intelligence (AI) and distributed ledger technology (DLT). The results show that convergence between AI and DLT is driven mainly by employing AI for DLT, and the role of each keyword (sub-domain) in the convergence process is also presented. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Technology Management for Innovation, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan (b) Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan (c) Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI), Japan * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 14 September 2021; Revised 21 November 2021; Accepted 6 January 2022 Byline: Chen Zhu [zhujohn0425@g.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp] (a,*), Kazuyuki Motohashi [motohashi@tmi.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp] (a,b,c,**)

A fictitious business expansion scenario is presented, with contributors providing advice. After an accident involving a customer, the founder of a climbing-gym chain has to decide whether to continue expanding into other international markets or scale back those plans. One contributor observes that the company does not need to scale back necessarily; instead, it needs to focus on its top geographic market and continue expansion there. Another contributor however believes the company should pause to reassess expansion plans, noting that the gyms could be difficult to promote in a market where climbing as a sport isn't a familiar activity. The long-term strategy is to ensure that the product remains attractive to consumers today, but also in the future.

Keywords Sustainable entrepreneurship; Entrepreneurial identity; Tension management; Hybrid identity; Identity conflict; Social identity theory Highlights * Builds on 29 case studies with European sustainable entrepreneurs. * Investigates tensions between economic, ecological and social aspects. * Finds identity shifts based on which kinds of tensions entrepreneurs face. * Adds to the understanding of the dynamic role of entrepreneurial identity. * Reveals fluid tension management strategies of sustainable entrepreneurs. Abstract The identity of sustainable entrepreneurs progresses and is primed by certain identity dimensions, including society, community, or competition as their frames of references, their social motivation, and their self-evaluation. Because sustainable entrepreneurs aim to achieve the goals of generating profit and create social and/or ecological value at the same time, they experience two types of tensions: one that concerns social and ecological and the other with an extension of economic aspects. To leverage these, we find identity shifts dependent on the tension sustainable entrepreneurs' experience, activating a certain combination of identity dimension. Building on 29 case studies with European sustainable entrepreneurs, the study investigates the dynamic role of entrepreneurial identity, thereby informing about fluid hybrid identity conflict management strategies. This adds to theory on entrepreneurial identity that has widely found multiple, yet coherent entrepreneurial identities and conflict management strategies. Author Affiliation: (a) Faculty of Technology and Business, New Design University Privatuniversität GesmbH, Austria (b) Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Urstein Süd 1, 5412, Puch/Salzburg, Austria (c) FH Kufstein University of Applied Sciences, Austria * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 16 April 2020; Revised 5 November 2020; Accepted 2 April 2021 Byline: Beate Cesinger [beate.cesinger@ndu.ac.at] (a), Christine Vallaster [christine.vallaster@fh-salzburg.ac.at] (b), Julian M. Müller [julian.mueller@fau.de] (c,*)

Keywords Digital transformation; Business transformation; Digital strategy; Corporate strategy; Energy sector Highlights * Digital transformation initiatives suffer from poor governance and are understudied in the energy sector. * Eisenhardt's framework is used to build theories from case study research. * Internal, external and mixed strategic tools used in the energy sector are analyzed. * Two matrices are developed to guide digital transformation in the energy sector. Abstract Digital technologies have had a tremendous impact on the world and have forced companies to adapt their business models, strategies and management practices. There is a scarcity of research about digital transformation in the energy sector, so this paper aims to analyze this phenomenon in the Oil & Gas sector through a comparative case analysis of eight market leading European Oil & Gas companies. To ensure an adequate methodological approach, the authors have applied Eisenhardt's framework to build theories from case study research. This article relies on multiple data collection methods. 26 interviews with 18 senior executives from the sample energy firms and two global consulting firms were completed in two separate phases. To complement these interviews, information and data were collected from a range of public sources, such as newspapers, video interviews, business magazines and analyst reports, as well as public information from the eight companies under analysis, such as annual and financial reports, company presentations, regulatory filings and announcements and company news. Our research highlights several transformational moves in the firms under study that bring substantial new capabilities and allow them to achieve market-leading positions in new and digitally native business areas -although modest in size. The sample firms mainly opt for combinations of small transformational strategies to achieve their large transformation goals. However, in many organizations, digital and business transformation initiatives suffer from poor governance and are typically just a collection of unconnected activities, piecemeal strategies and pilot projects. Developing a coherent transformation strategy, with the right structure and governance, remains a challenge for most organizations. This paper, leveraging the collective learnings from the eight companies studied, aims to help decision-makers with a conceptual guideline to select the most appropriate strategic tools when undergoing a transformation, based on four dimensions that are of high relevance across multiple strategic environments. Author Affiliation: University of Alicante * Corresponding author at: University of Alicante: Universitat d'Alacant, Facultad de Económicas, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690, Alicante, Spain. Article History: Received 25 May 2021; Revised 1 September 2021; Accepted 14 October 2021 Byline: Jorge Fernandez-Vidal, Reyes Gonzalez [mr.gonzalez@ua.es] (*), Jose Gasco, Juan Llopis

Lean Six Sigma (LSS) is a systematic operation management strategy aimed to improve the quality of products through the reduction of process variations and wastes. In the present case, an LSS strategy is implemented in the automotive components manufacturing industry to improve the casting quality and productivity. The main purpose of this research is to extract the various causes of the existence of casting defects and suggest corresponding remedies to pawn them. The result of the case study exhibits the increment in sigma level of the company from 1.90 to 3.30 and analogous escalation in an annual profit of 1.2 million. The outcomes of this study facilitate to industrial managers and practitioners for adopting the same strategy to resolve their complex problems and to achieve business excellence. Byline: Rajeev Rathi, Mahipal Singh

In the pharmaceutical industry, quality is an essential element for the success of the organisation. Over the last few years, the pharmaceutical industry has faced severe quality issues resulting in worldwide product recalls and drug shortages. Quality and management of quality is a key strategic issue in the pharmaceutical industry. Many pharmaceutical companies adopt the strategic management of quality through various quality strategies across the world. Alidrisi (2010) view quality management from the strategic perspective that allows the resources to form the core from which it operates known as strategic quality management. The present study assesses the allocation of resources is evaluated using an operation research technique called as analytic network process (ANP) considering the interactions within the resources as well as between resources, quality strategies and the ability of each strategy to enhance quality. The case study approach has been used for assessing the allocation of resources in two pharmaceutical companies that have valid quality certifications from various international regulatory authorities. The findings of the study suggest that various resources are not optimally allocated among various quality strategies, and human resources are considered to be the most critical resource for the implementation of selected quality strategies. Byline: Harjit Kaur, Sanjay Kaushik

Byline: Arjen Schmidt, Kees Boersma, Peter Groenewegen When a policy sector is confronted with a relatively strong and steep decline in legitimacy, we speak of an institutional crisis. We know little about the causes or consequences of these crises. This article explores how institutional crises are managed. It focuses on the effects of management strategies observed in a case study of an institutional crisis in the Netherlands. While we found that policy elites displayed a tendency to maintain the status quo of a policy sector, we also found that the effectiveness of their response strategies was negated by the counter-response it evoked among freshly energized interest, advocacy and citizen groups. We conclude that the resolution of an institutional crisis is inherently contested. Based on our case study, we develop a theoretical model and formulate propositions that may help to improve our understanding of institutional crisis management. Article Note: Funding information Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Grant/Award Number: 409-14-003

Byline: Alexandra L. DeCandia, Andrew P. Dobson, Bridgett M. vonHoldt Keywords: epigenetics; genetics; microbiome; transcriptomics; wildlife disease management; zoonoses; epigenetica; genetica; manejo de enfermedades de fauna silvestre; microbioma; transcriptomica; zoonosis; ea1/4 a-[bar]; e [umlaut]es.ea1/4 a-[bar]; e1/2[logical not]a1/2c'a-[bar]; a3/4[R]cc[c]c'; a**ca[+ or -]ae[pounds sterling]c; eca[umlaut]c[c]c'cc[R] c Abstract Pathogens pose serious threats to human health, agricultural investment, and biodiversity conservation through the emergence of zoonoses, spillover to domestic livestock, and epizootic outbreaks. As such, wildlife managers are often tasked with mitigating the negative effects of disease. Yet, parasites form a major component of biodiversity that often persist. This is due to logistical challenges of implementing management strategies and to insufficient understanding of host-parasite dynamics. We advocate for an inclusive understanding of molecular diversity in driving parasite infection and variable host disease states in wildlife systems. More specifically, we examine the roles of genetic, epigenetic, and commensal microbial variation in disease pathogenesis. These include mechanisms underlying parasite virulence and host resistance and tolerance, and the development, regulation, and parasite subversion of immune pathways, among other processes. Case studies of devil facial tumor disease in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and chytridiomycosis in globally distributed amphibians exemplify the broad range of questions that can be addressed by examining different facets of molecular diversity. For particularly complex systems, integrative molecular analyses present a promising frontier that can provide critical insights necessary to elucidate disease dynamics operating across scales. These insights enable more accurate risk assessment, reconstruction of transmission pathways, discernment of optimal intervention strategies, and development of more effective and ecologically sound treatments that minimize damage to the host population and environment. Such measures are crucial when mitigating threats posed by wildlife disease to humans, domestic animals, and species of conservation concern. Article Note: Article impact statement: Applying genetic, epigenetic, and microbial analyses to wildlife disease can inform active management and improve conservation outcomes. CAPTION(S): Tables containing additional citations serving as examples of factors affecting host susceptibility (Appendix S1), genetic analyses of parasites (Appendix S2), epigenetic, microbial, and integrative molecular analyses in human and model systems (Appendix S3), and molecular analyses informing wildlife conservation (Appendix S4) are available online. The authors are solely responsible for the content and functionality of these materials. Queries (other than absence of the material) should be directed to the corresponding author. Supplementary Material Supplementary Material Supplementary Material

Byline: Christine Soo, Shannon Chen, Mark G. Edwards Keywords: public value management; knowledge management strategy; change implementation; disability services; positive behaviour support Abstract This paper provides a knowledge-based perspective to understanding public value management (PVM). As distinct from other approaches to public administration, PVM focuses on collaborative capacity building for the creation of public value. To develop the notion of PVM further, we explore the role of a knowledge-based strategy in a case study of change implementation in 18 disability service organisations in Western Australia. Our findings show important inter-relationships between knowledge management strategy, adopting a person-centred approach to service provision, and sustainability of change implementation. We discuss the implications of the study for disability sector change management and for the further exploration of the strategic role of knowledge management capabilities in the study and practice of PVM in public sector administration. The paper explores the relationship between an organisation's knowledge capture and sharing systems and processes and its ability to implement change in a way that generates long-term benefits for both public sector employees (e.g., engaging with key stakeholders to generate innovative solutions for serving client needs) and clients (i.e., increased well-being through better service design and support).

Keywords Life cycle assessment; Municipal solid waste; Integrated waste management; Environmental impact assessment; System evaluation Highlights * 45 LCA case studies on MSWM system are compared for strategic implications. * Critical parameters are summarized for conducting LCA on MSWM system. * Integrated MSWM system has brought considerable environmental benefit in GWP. * Results suggest enhancing management of specific waste streams and processes. * Research gaps of LCA and recommendations in upgrading MSWM system are provided. Abstract Increasing amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) has gained widely concern on reduction, utilization and minimizing environmental impacts associated with waste management. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used to evaluate total environmental impact of municipal waste management (MSWM) options in strategy-planning and decision-making process. The exiting LCA studies have covered a large range of detailed focus from waste treatment technology to applied modelling methods in LCA of MSWM, yet an important concern for stakeholders, the relationship between practical management strategies and their LCA results, has not been comprehensively summarized. This paper reviews recent LCA studies focusing on MSWM system in 45 cases from both developing and developed regions to promote evolution of the MSWM system through modification of waste management strategies. Selected literatures conducted LCA with system boundary covering the whole MSWM system rather than single treatment process or specific type of waste. This review has explored distribution and evolution of LCA studies in waste management field and summarized critical parameters (system boundary, functional unit, assessment approach and data uncertainty) for conducting LCA of MSWM system. Comparison results from 45 worldwide cases indicated 33%--154% environmental benefit in Global warming potential (GWP) impact with implement of integrated solid waste management system to replace single landfill, incineration, or open dumping treatment. Key issues with upgrading of MSWM system have been highlighted to raise concern, i.e., the importance of targeted management strategy on organic and recyclable waste, the growing contribution of waste collection and transportation to the total environmental impact, as well as promoting multi-impacts assessment for MSWM system to achieve environmentally effective, economically affordable, and socially acceptable. Rather than focus on technical factors, results from this study indicated the key influences from understanding local limitation, environmental concern, management chain and comprehensive impact, providing useful strategies on improving MSWM with generalization results of LCA studies. Author Affiliation: (a) College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China (b) College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China (c) Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City, 106, Taiwan, ROC * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 15 November 2020; Revised 13 February 2021; Accepted 18 February 2021 Byline: Junting Zhang (a), Quande Qin [qinquande@gmail.com] (a,*), Guangming Li (b), Chao-Heng Tseng (c)

Keywords Land use change; Scenario simulation; CA--Markov model; MCR model; Oasis Highlights * Vertical and horizontal ecological processes of land units was combined to evaluate land ecological suitability (LES). * An integrated CA--Markov model based on the MCE method and MOLA procedure was applied to simulate land use change in an oasis region. * A comparative analysis was conducted under two scenarios. * The optimized land use pattern generated by LES tends to be more reasonable. Abstract High-intensity land use has led to water resource imbalance and land degradation in oasis regions, which pose a great threat to ecological security. Optimization of land use patterns is crucial to ensuring the rational distribution of water and land resources and improving the stability of oasis ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to spatially allocate land use activities to more suitable regions. In this study, we first evaluated the land ecological suitability (LES) in Ganzhou District, a typical oasis region. Then, the LES evaluation results were embedded in an integrated CA--Markov model based on multiple criteria evaluation (MCE) and multi--objective land allocation (MOLA) to simulate and optimize land use patterns for the year 2025 under two scenarios, i.e., Business as Usual (BAU) and Land Ecological Optimization (LEO). The results revealed that the optimized land use pattern generated by LES was more reasonable. The growth rate of construction land was restricted, and a slightly increased area of construction land mainly occupied unused land. Farmland area had a decreasing trend, and was mainly converted to grassland. Moreover, the woodland and water areas had increasing trends. This study can serve as a scientific reference for planners and policy makers in formulating land use planning and land use resource management strategies in oasis regions. Author Affiliation: (a) College of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China (b) Lanzhou Resources and Environment Voc-Tech College, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China (c) Key Lab of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 54341218, PR China (d) School of Foreign Languages, Longdong University, Qingyang, 745000, PR China * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 9 November 2020; Revised 22 February 2021; Accepted 1 March 2021 Byline: Qianguo Li (a,b), Lucang Wang [wanglc007@nwnu.edu.cn] (a,*), Hafiza Nayab Gul (c), Dan Li (d)

Keywords Text mining; Business strategy; Social network analysis; Big data analytics Abstract In order to face the complexity of business environments and detect priorities while triggering contingency strategies, we propose a new methodological approach that combines text mining, social network and big data analytics, with the assessment of stakeholders' attitudes towards company core values. This approach was applied in a case study where we considered the Twitter discourse about core values in Italy. We collected more than 94,000 tweets related to the core values of the firms listed in Fortune's ranking of the World's Most Admired Companies (2013--2017). For the Italian scenario, we found three predominant core values orientations (Customers, Employees and Excellence) -- which should be at the basis of any business strategy -- and three latent ones (Economic/Financial Growth, Citizenship and Social Responsibility), which need periodic attention. Our contribution is mostly methodological and extends the research on text mining and on online big data analytics applied in complex business contexts. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Enterprise Engineering, Via del Politecnico, 1 -- 00133 Rome, Italy (b) University of Perugia, Department of Engineering, Via G. Duranti, 93 -- 06125 Perugia, Italy * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 22 September 2018; Revised 22 October 2019; Accepted 24 October 2019 (footnote)1 The authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order. Byline: Maria Assunta Barchiesi [barchiesi@dii.uniroma2.it] (a,1), Andrea Fronzetti Colladon [andrea.fronzetticolladon@unipg.it] (b,1,*)

Keywords Legitimacy; Legacy drift; Mega events; Olympic Games; Rio 2016; Corporate governance; International business Highlights * Mega-events tend to be promoted as generators of significant business legacies. * Such pre-event promotion helps organisers gain legitimacy with their stakeholders. * The case of Rio 2016 demonstrates how and why legacy outcomes become marginalised. * Business legacy all too often becomes a myth when few legacy targets are met. * Deeper embedding of accountability systems within organising bodies is required. Abstract The extent to which mega events, such as the Olympics and World Expos, catalyse meaningful legacies is a contentious issue. However, the organisers of such events go to great lengths to develop business legacy plans in order to gain legitimacy with their wider stakeholders. This process constitutes a critical cornerstone for the overall success of the event, but business legacy plans tend to fade away after the delivery phase. Drawing upon the legitimacy literature, our study investigates this gap between planning and long-term delivery through a case study of the 2016 Rio Olympic Games. Interviews with forty-three directors of Rio 2016 were conducted between February-April 2016, in addition to the collection of field notes and secondary data. We find that Rio 2016 applied a decoupling strategy before and during the event to gain short-term legitimacy via legacy planning. However, a legitimacy drift was identified, whereby legacy delivery was side-lined and positive outcomes were minimal. We argue that the drive for legitimacy tends to be short-lived, and as legitimacy drifts, legacy becomes mythical. This has important implications for literature on legitimacy and legacy, organising bodies and for all businesses involved in event management. Author Affiliation: (a) Centre for Business in Society, Coventry University, Priory Street, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom (b) Centre for Business in Society, Coventry University, United Kingdom (c) School of Strategy and Leadership, Faculty of Business and Law, Coventry University, United Kingdom * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 26 March 2020; Revised 19 February 2021; Accepted 20 February 2021 Byline: Alessandro Merendino [alessandro.merendino@coventry.ac.uk] (a,*), David Bek [david.bek@coventry.ac.uk] (b), Jill Timms [jill.timms@coventry.ac.uk] (c)

Keywords Training needs analysis; Performance improvement; Strategic human resource management; Business strategy; Banking industry Abstract The Training Needs Analysis (TNA) process is essential for identifying issues with organizational and individual performance and their possible causes. Previous TNA theoretical models tend to be limited when it comes to considering factors that affect performance, but cannot be addressed through training and are not clear on how to combine the 'big data' of HRM. They also propose data collection methods that are limited in coverage and time-demanding. This research takes a case study approach that seeks to explain how this procedure is carried out at the International Bank. It challenges the extent to which the TNA is aligned with the organization's objectives and people's performance. As a result, this research proposes an improved and comprehensive TNA model, which places strategic goals instead of competence analysis at the core of the TNA to close performance gaps. The new TNA process takes a data analytics approach from several Human Resource Management (HRM) processes to improve the connection between training needs and business priorities with optimal organizational performance. Additionally, the in-depth performance and competence data analytics review proposes a flowchart of other personnel development processes that are oftentimes wrongly achieved through training. Author Affiliation: Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 257, Santiago, 8330015, Chile * Corresponding authors. Article History: Received 5 March 2018; Revised 22 December 2018; Accepted 2 May 2019 (footnote)[white star] International Bank is a fictional name to protect the anonymity of the original Multinational Bank. Byline: Jorge Cotes [jcotes@fen.uchile.cl] (*), Sebastian M. Ugarte [sugarte@unegocios.cl] (*)

Keywords Africa; Pastoralism; Lithics; Mobility; Pastoral Neolithic Highlights * Comparative analysis of blade production and core management strategies from 13 Pastoral Neolithic sites in southern Kenya. * Elmenteitan culture exhibits uniformity in lithic operational sequences across diverse environments. * Development of new organized obsidian exchange/distribution networks in the Pastoral Neolithic. * Technologies of the Elmenteitan emphasized preparation for diverse mobility strategies. * Capacity for greater regional mobility enabled shift to specialized pastoralist lifeways in eastern Africa. Abstract Mobile pastoralism is the earliest form of food production to develop in Africa, and for the past 5000 years has remained one of the most important subsistence strategies for people across the continent. Despite its importance, the technological infrastructures that facilitated the successful spread of stone-tool--using pastoralists through environmentally heterogenous and climatically unpredictable regions remain poorly understood. This study provides comprehensive analyses of the lithic technological organization of early herders in southern Kenya responsible for the distinct 'Elmenteitan' material traditions. Quantitative data on blade production strategies from thirteen Elmenteitan sites demonstrate that this group represents the emergence of new technological strategies based on participation in long-distance obsidian exchange networks, and flexible and versatile blade blank production. Elmenteitan lithic technological patterns are interpreted in terms of preparation for different configurations of local and regional mobility, which helped early herders manage environmental unpredictability in eastern Africa. These data provide a foundation for future study of the role of lithic technologies in pastoralist economies and contribute a case study from mobile food-producer contexts to global debates on the organization of stone tool economies. Author Affiliation: Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, Jena 07745, Germany Article History: Received 6 May 2020; Revised 21 November 2020; Byline: Steven T. Goldstein [goldstein@shh.mpg.de]